Incident;Comment;Remedy
Drowning due to going overboard<br>• no belt/harness<br>• harness/belt fail<br>• harness/belt inappropriately worn<br>• dragged through water on a safety belt;By far the most frequent cause of death.<br>• caused by wave: 40%<br>• trip/slip: 15%<br>• unknown: 15%<br>• crash jibe 12%<br>• alcohol: 7%<br>Being dragged results from a poor setup of jacklines, inappropriate harness & safety belt. Successful retrieval from the water is more likely with a large, well-trained crew, good weather, a proper life-jacket and harness and personal locator beacon;Avoid going overboard in the first place:<br>• good holds<br>• jacklines at center<br>• many strong-points conveniently placed<br>• short safety belts<br>• need for exposure avoided<br>• cockpit need not be left for routine operations<br>• work on foredeck or at mast minimized when underway
Hit by boom;In case of a crash jibe, the swinging boom can cause serious (and lethal) neck and head injuries.;Boom above head-height.
Hit by mainsheet;In case of a crash jibe, the mainsheet snaps to the other side, taking out everyone in its way.;Sheet outside of cockpit and outside areas with traffic.
Boat sinks:<br>• Seacocks<br>• Hatches<br>• Windows<br>• other openings<br>• bilge system insufficient;Every through-hull, hatch and porthole is a potential problem, therefore they should be avoided where feasible or they should be hardened or otherwise secured and the impact of a breach should be minimized.<br>The power of large wave needs to be considered e.g., waves grabbing a hatch and tearing it off or lifting insufficiently secured items off deck causing damage.<br>Mitigation strategies need to be sufficient and effective.;Avoided<br>• no seawater needed for engine cooling and exhaust<br>• minimum number of breaches below waterline<br>Impact minimized<br>• no seacocks through hull, a welded-in sea-chest keeps cocks above the water-line<br>• sealed sensor-chest for log and forward scan<br>Hardened hatches and portholes<br>• integral to hull<br>• welded and flush with surface<br>Glazing<br>• laminated safety glass<br>• extra thick and strong<br>• permanently fixed<br>Mitigation zones & bulkheads<br>• 7 separate zones separated by water-tight bulkheads, if a zone or two flood, the yacht still won’t sink<br>• steering system in separate external zone<br>• redundant & oversized bilge system<br>
Fire risk<br>• propane<br>• cable fire<br>• grease, dirt<br>• highly flammable interior materials;Propane in the wrong circumstances will create a potentially lethal explosion.<br>• Petrol (for outboard engine) is highly explosive.<br>• Cable fires are difficult to see until it is too late and very difficult to extinguish unless the right breaker is found immediately.<br>• Smoke may kill long before a bright fire is underway.;Avoid and reduce risk as much as feasible<br>• need for propane eliminated<br>• petrol in protected and vented space<br>Meticulous electric installation - all cables<br>• sized properly<br> • protected by properly sized dual-pole breakers<br> • routed through conduits to prevent chafe and heat build-up<br>Engine room easy to keep clean to avoid grease fires<br>All interior materials fire retardant or fire inhibiting far beyond requirements
Engine fails at crucial moments;Most frequent reasons are<br>• damaged impeller<br>• plugged water intake<br>• debris in cooling circuit<br>• contaminated diesel due to debris and diesel bug;• no impeller: bilge cooling and dry exhaust<br>• multi-stage diesel filtration to prevent contamination and diesel bug<br>• fully redundant propulsion system<br>Also see equipment failure
Lee shores, collisions, groundings;Usually, it’s not the sea that hurts but “hitting the hard bits around the edge”;Proper navigation facilitated to avoid groundings or running into reefs or ships<br>• easy lookout from pilot house<br>• great visibility below, thanks to large windows<br>Lee shores easier to avoid in case of failed engines with a yacht that points well<br>Extremely sturdy<br>• ice strengthened aluminium hull – bends rather than holes<br>• ice-frames extended to potential impact zones (e.g., floating tree-trunks)
Keel falls off;Generally, only a problem for GRP boats with bolted-on keel;• very strong keel case<br>• redundant means to secure keel
Storm damage<br>• heavy weather<br>• breaking waves;There is no substitute for stability, yachts that fulfil MGN 280 Category 0 standards have much fewer problems;Very stable<br>• high righting moment<br>• fulfills MGN 280 Category 0 standards<br>Excellent protection from the elements<br>Highly efficient rudders<br>• allow steering in heavy seas with minimum effort<br>Flush deck<br>• nothing for waves to grab<br>Takes care of crew<br>• sea kindly hull form<br>• accommodation low in hull, pilot house only three steps up and cockpit another three<br>• good freeboard
Anchor does not hold, drags;Anchor needs to hold when set in original direction and needs to reset quickly when the direction changes, e.g., due to tides.;• top performing anchor (Vulcan)<br>• oversized anchor (50% above recommendation)<br>• oversized windlas<br>• sample reserve in rode strength and long rode (Titan G75 anchor rode used in conjunction with Titan Shackles)
Electronic failure – “electronics are brittle”;As long as they work, electronics are great. When they fail, there is a risk of a catastrophic knock-on effect. It is not a case of avoiding electronics – they are too useful to consider that – but for effective risk management.;• mechanical basis or backup for all essential systems<br>• mechanically governed engines<br>• redundant install of all essential electronics, including transducers and networks
Essential equipment failure;There is no one-size-fits-all solution.<br>Several strategies need to be combined<br>• avoiding failure in the first place:<br>• redundancy<br>• easy repair<br>• hardened install – eliminate known failure points;Fault points avoided, e.g., impellers (“if it ain’t there, it can’t break”)<br>Ability to self-service<br>• set of essential spare parts.<br>• designed to make repairs underway convenient and feasible<br>• large and well-equipped workshop<br>Extensive redundancy<br>• dual engines and generators<br>• redundant pumps, electronics, heating<br>• dual wind generators (Superwind)<br>• multiple LiFePo2 batteries (total: 10kWh)<br>• dual inverters/chargers/electronics<br>• dual self-steering<br>• dual sets of sensors (wind, depth, speed)<br>• dual networks (NMEA and Ethernet)<br>• multiple MFDs<br>• dual radios<br>• dual domestic water systems<br>• dual water-makers pumps and controls<br>• highly redundant bilge system
Burns and scalds;Use of open flames is not a good practice. Neither is juggling a kettle in a heeled and rolling yacht and poring boiling water for tea, coffee or soup.;• no open flames<br>• boiling-water supply
Falling and tripping;• slipping on lovely teak-and-holly floor<br>• falls in wide open spaces<br>• insufficient hand-holds;• high-grip floor surfaces<br>• no wide, open spaces<br>• hand-holds throughout<br>• stiff boat with moderate heel